Mixer
Audio Mixer details
Levels
In your system's audio mixer (Applications -> Sound & Video -> Volume Control) you can adjust various volume levels:
attachment:mixer.png
Of particular interest here are the microphone settings:
attachment:mixer_shaded.png
Below the volume slider is a mute button. If it has a red cross in it, your microphone is muted.
Mic Boost
Some soundcards also offer the ability to further amplify the microphone input, by way of a Mic Boost. In the mixer, go into the Edit menu and choose Preferences. Find "Mic Boost" in the list and click the tickbox next to it.
This should now give you an extra option in the "Switches" tab of the mixer:
attachment:mic_boost.png
By enabling this, you may be able to correct for a quiet microphone.